Theme Of Father And Son Relationships In Night By Elie Wiesel

One of the major themes that can be found in Night, by Elie Wiesel, is one of father/son relationships. To quote a father from the book, Stein, â€Å"The only thing that keeps me alive is knowing that Reizel and the little ones are still alive.† Not all father/son relationships are as good however. Another part of the book reads, â€Å"I once saw. . . a boy of thirteen, beat his father for not making his bed properly. As the old man quietly wept, the boy was yelling, ‘If you don’t stop crying instantly, I will no longer bring you bread. Understood?’† In presenting examples like these, Wiesel communicates a message of the importance of good father/son relationships to his readers. This paper will examine father/son relationships throughout the book,†¦show more content†¦There were also several negative father/son relationships found in the book. One such relationship is that of a young pipel, and his father. Wiesel writes, â€Å"I once saw o ne of them, a boy of thirteen, beat his father for not making his bed properly. As the old man quietly wept, the boy was yelling, ‘If you don’t stop crying instantly, I will no longer bring you bread. Understood?’† This is an example of how life in the concentration camp causes a boy to throw aside his relations for the sake of his own survival. A second example is that of Rabbi Elihou and his son. While Rabbi Elihou cared deeply for his son, the Rabbi’s son viewed his father as a burden and left him behind. Shortly following the passage about the Rabbi looking for for his son, Wiesel writes, â€Å"But then I remembered something else: his son had seen him losing ground, sliding back to the rear of the column†¦ A terrible thought crossed my mind: What if he had wanted to be rid of his father?† The third example of a poor father/son relationship occurs in the cattle car. A worker throws bread into the cars causing immediate desperate fight ing. An old man manages to grab a piece of bread shortly before this passage, â€Å"Stunned by the blows, the old man was crying: â€Å"Meir, my little Mier! Don’t you recognize me†¦ You’re killing your father...I have bread... for you too†¦. for you to†¦but the other threw himself on top of him. The old manShow MoreRelatedNight, By Elie Wiesel1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1960 novel, Night, Elie Wiesel utilizes several literary devices, including the symbology of nighttime, motif of religious practices, and theme of father-son relationships, in order to emphasize the atrocities of the Holocaust specifically for Jews. Wiesel’s first hand experience in concentration camps allows for a vivid retelling of what many people had to endure. The symbolic portrayal of the nighttime helps to add a deeper meaning to the text. The title of the novel, Night, brings the symbolRead MoreElie Wiesel Night Reflection794 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesel was born in the Romanian town of Sighet. His parents came from Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish families. Both of hi parents died in the Nazi concentration camps, as did his younger sister; his two elder sister survived. After the war, Wiesel went an Orphanage in France, studies at the Sorbonne, and became a journalist. The name of the book is call the Night. It were written in the 1955-1958. It also were written from South America, France. The book was published in Argentina, France. TheRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesNight is a first-hand account of life for Elie Wiesel as a young Jewish teenage boy living in Hungary and eventually sent to Auschwitz with his family. The moment his family exits the cattle car the horror of Auschwitz sets in. His mother an d sisters become separated from him and his father immediately, their fate sealed. Elie stays with his father and right away a stranger is giving them tips on how to survive and stay together. Immediately told to lie about their ages, making Elie a little olderRead MoreElie Wiesel s The Holocaust1315 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II. The memoir, Night by Elie Wiesel is based on Wiesel’s experiences in concentration camps, in order to give readers an insight of someone who was a victim of the Holocaust. The young narrator, Elie Wiesel, faces countless struggles for survival among the horrors of the Holocaust. In the memoir, Eliezer, the passionately, devoted boy with a benevolent family, is taken from his home and sent to a concentration camp. Through their unstable and dangerous journey, Elie is detached from his motherRead MoreNight, By Eliezer Wiesel1585 Words   |  7 Pagesare many important themes and overtones to the book Night, by Eliezer Wiesel. One of the major t hemes from the book includes the protagonist, and author of his memoire, Elie Wiesel’s ever changing relationship with God. An example of this is when Moche the Beadle asked Elie an important question that would change his life forever, as the basis of his passion and aptitude for studying the ancient texts and teachings of Judaism, â€Å"When Moche the Beadle asked Elie why he prayed, Elie couldn t think ofRead MoreNight V. Life Is Beautiful Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesNight vs. Life is Beautiful When people look at two extremely different stories such as Night and Life is Beautiful, they would not expect there to be many similarities. However, these two devastating tales are more alike than suspected. Both Night and Life is Beautiful may be two accounts of the holocaust, but that does not mean that they bring the same thing to the table. They both may include a somewhat similar father-son relationship, yet they still aren’t that same. Night, a tragic memoirRead MoreNight and Maus2669 Words   |  11 PagesComparison of Maus and Night The Holocaust was a traumatic event that most people can’t even wrap their minds around. Libraries are filled with books about the Holocaust because people are both fascinated and horrified to learn the details of what survivors went through. Maus by Art Spiegelman and Night by Elie Wiesel are two highly praised Holocaust books that illustrate the horrors of the Holocaust. Night is a traditional narrative that mainly focuses on Elie’s experiences throughout the holocaustRead MoreDehumanization and Alienation in Night and The Metamorphosis1875 Words   |  5 Pagesto shed no matter how hard you work to change can be infuriating, and that constant battle of back and forth within the mind can do dangerous things. Although Wiesel writes a memoir and Kafka writes an expressionist novella, both stories use symbols to further their themes of alienation and dehumanization. Night is a memoir by Elie Wiesel. Within his enthralling narrative he depicts his period spent within Auschwitz during World War two, and how he managed to endure and outlive the camps ill-treatmentRead MoreThe Movie Night And Boys Don t Cry 1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel is a book that can be compared to many media or textual forms, such as novel, short stories, comics, etc., but the most suitable comparative media form was a film . The film is a visual presentation of fictional or nonfictional story that gets the audiences a sense of the emotional trauma. The film, which complemented â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel by the similarity of themes, but a totally different plot was the film titled, â€Å"Boys Don t Cry† Directed by: Kimberly PeirceRead MoreSummary Of Night By Elie Wiesel1773 Words   |  8 PagesNight by Elie Wiesel Chapter Summary and Analysis Chapter 1 Sighet, Hungary Main Character - Elie Wiesel Son Romanian His father is a shopkeeper Has 3 sisters One of them is younger Two of them are older Jewish Scholar of sorts (loves to learn) Hasidic Judaism (super jewish) (with all the tassels and strict rules about eating) Studies the jewish mysticisms What they call the talmud the body of Jewish civil and ceremonial law and legend comprising the Mishnah and the Gemara. There are two

History Of Home Video Game - 1511 Words

History of Home Video Game Consoles The video game industry has gone through some interesting developments over the past fifty years. Video games are as much of a pass time as watching network television, or going to see a movie. The initial motivation for video game production was to bring interested consumers to the computer market and has evolved into many forms and designs to give the end user an artificial experience of playing table tennis with a friend, or an imaginary friend. This paper will cover the history of video game consoles that were released from 1958 until present day. Home Console Timeline Tennis for Two game is the first video ever created. The game was invented in October 1958 by an American physicist by the name†¦show more content†¦In 1966, while working as an engineer for Sanders Associates, Baer â€Å"scribbled out a four-page description for the ‘game box’ that would allow people to play action, sports and other games on a television set. (Mullis, 2014) Seven prototypes were developed and the first patent was filed in 1971 making it the first video game patent in history. Magnavox was given the license and they developed the Odyssey in 1972 making it the world’s first home video game. During the same year, Atari was launched by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney and Pong was released, becoming the first video game to reach a mainstream audience. In 1976, Coleco released its first console called Telstar and Fairfield Camera Instrument released theirs called Channel F. The Telstar console had games programmed into the hardware and newer models would introduce new game titles and hardware features such as a light gun and color. Channel F was the first console that featured individual cartridges that resembled 8-track audio tapes. Atari released their first cartridge based system in 1977 which was first known as the Video Computer System, later called the Atari 2600. In 1978, Midway Games released Space Invaders, the first game that allowed players to track their highs cores using three letters. Mattel released Intelivision which was â€Å"the first real competitor of the Atari 2600.† (Kudler, n.d.) Atari developed

Beloved Free Essays

There goes a time when the bad and good side of a person shows the aspect on human natures identity. A mother is defined as, â€Å" a women who raises and nurtures a child†, but what really is a good or bad mother. A mother is supposed to be there every step of the way with her child. We will write a custom essay sample on Beloved or any similar topic only for you Order Now She would not want her precious ‘baby’ to get hurt otherwise, and would want her baby to be like herself. A bad mother can be ridiculed as a lazy mother who doesn’t want to do anything with her child. Mostly the opposite from a good mother. Toni Morrison has created many characters with different points of views; the bad and/or good side of Sethe. Shows a mother’s love towards her children, and how they would learn from her mistakes. The job of a mother is hard to handle, but it is a way to show how their children will end up. In this paper I will analyze the good and bad side of Sethe as the role of a mother. Though as the role of becoming a mother is hard work, Sethe wants to find a way to take care of her children. Sethe, an independent mother who runs away from Sweet Home, a slave plantation to escape the pain of slavery, tries to cope with her past and gets haunted by her reincarnated daughter, Beloved. In her escape, Sethe kills her children and succeeds on killing her baby daughter. Sethe was trying to save her milk for her children while she was with Baby Suggs. â€Å" I was pregnant with Denver but I had milk for my baby girl. I hadn’t stopped nursing her when I sent her on ahead with howard and Buglar†¦ All I knew I had to get my milk to my baby girl†¦ The milk would be there and I would be there with it. † (19) Sethe, harassed and raped by schoolteacher’s nephews while she was pregnant with Denver steals and drinks Sethes’ per-nurtured milk from her breast in her aching torture. Paul D. catches a glimpse of Sethes back and find out her scars. Sethe then responds, â€Å" They used cowhide on you? And they took my milk. They beat you and you was pregnant and they took my milk! † (20) As a mother, Sethe cares more about her children than herself, which shows how a mother should play her role. Sethe showed Paul D. how much she cares about her children, by sacraficing herself for her children. Sethe escaped her freedom; however, but tries to struggle her suffering past. Sethe shows Denver, one of Sethes’ youngest daughter who changed dramatically throughout her life, from a naive little girl to an independent sociable women, a good role model in the past. Having the advantage of her freedom, Sethe had more time to nurture Denver and her her make a difference with her life. â€Å" I’m proud of her. She turning out fine. Fine. (313) Denver becomes more independent in her own way changing her life around and making her decision about college. â€Å" Miss Bodwin taiught her stuff. He asked her what stuff and she laughed and said book stuff. She say I might go to Oberlin. She’s experimenting on me. † (314) Before Beloved stepped into the picture, Denver was Sethes’ main priority. Sethe did not want Denver to go through the same traumactic past as she did. Sethe wanted Denver to leave 124, and see through the world wonders on a regular persons life as from a slave stuck at home, having to learn for herself. Denver realizes she needed to branch out and be on her own, while helping her mother and showing how much she learned from her experience. Sethe showed how she is a good mother by having her daughter learn that staying at home won’t give her knowledge if she wants to succeed in life. A mother who is seen hurting her child physically is categorized as a bad mother. Being a mother means that you are supposed to care for and provide your children both emotionally and physically. Sethe was not the best role model, but she wants what was best for her children. She kills one of her children in a way so her children would not end up as slaves, as she did. â€Å"But now she’d gone wild, due to the mishandling of the nephew who’d overbeat her and made her cut and run. † (176) Though her heart was in the right place, killing does not solidify the barricade of future generation slaves. â€Å"Inside two boys bled in the sawdust and dirt at the feet of a nigger-women holding a blood-soaked child to her chest with one hand and an infant by the heels in the other. She did not look at them; she simply swung the baby toward the wall planks, missed and tried to connect a second time. (175) This is not the definition of how a mother should nurture her baby. A mother should love and always take care of her children by all means. Even though Sethe saw the schoolteacher and his nephews torture her baby, she did not stop. She did not humiliated her herself as a bad mother, but her baby was humilated also. Having to see a mother kill he r own child in front of her children is horrifying, in Sethes’ mind killing was the decision she wanted to do. A women who takes care of her children would always want to be a role model for their children. Sethe stayed home most of the time and became weak. She layed in bed after Denver left 124, showing an uncanny role of a bad mother. A child would want a mother who is strong and happy, but Sethe did not end up becoming stronger. Sethe have worked her spot on becoming a good mother, which she has done. Thinking about her children first and seeing them succeed on their goals is another. Killing represented a challenge she faced, but kept on movie with an emotional ride. Toni Morrison showed how a character can have two different identity in one story. Based on my discussion, I would say Sethe is a bad mother. How to cite Beloved, Papers Beloved Free Essays As you begin the book you are given these ideas of darkness as you become consumed in the memories and stories of the characters. The characters of the book could definitely feel this tone even one who had never been in the house such as Paul D when he says, â€Å"Good God†¦ What kind Of evil you got in here? † p. 8 as he took his first steps Into 124. We will write a custom essay sample on Beloved or any similar topic only for you Order Now This tone takes up a good part of the beginning of the book as it sets up the trailing tone of a good majority of the beginning of the book. As you read further into the book you find out more about all of the characters pasts and all of the torture, rape, and cruelty they were made to endure. These memories slightly shift the tone to become gloom. Other then the times when Beloved needed her, Seethe confided herself to a corner chair. † p. 292 was the effect of these memories on Seethe. As though through these memories that Seethe couldn’t let go her life seemed to be sucked like a leech from a host. Beloved was a human embodiment of the memories that Seethe latched unto and couldn’t relinquish though she tried her hardest to forget. This gives off a tone of gloom and despair as you read further into the horrible cruel lives of the characters. â€Å"Seethe me and you we got more yesterday than anybody. We need some kind of tomorrow? P. 320 says Paul D as the book closes whose words portray the tone of the end of the book. As you read to the end of the book and Beloved is exorcised away the tone changes from the dark and gloom of the unforgotten memories to being hopeful as Seethe begins to relieve and concise with her past. This allows her to look forward to the future and to see what she already has. This tone ends the book with a feeling of hopefulness towards the characters and their futures. Throughout Beloved the tone changes a couple of different times. In different parts the tones seems to be dark, gloomy and even hopeful but as the book ends these tones are set aside to create a tone of reconciliation. That you should never dwell on the past but that you should look forward to the future. How to cite Beloved, Papers

Management Accounting Financial Statement Audited

Question: Discuss about theManagement Accountingfor Financial Statement Audited. Answer: Requirements by the Organizations to get their Financial Statement Audited Financial statements are the integral part of the organization that represents the business performance and position during the accounting year. The financial statements are prepared to determine the organizational profitability and position of assets and liabilities for the use and benefits of stakeholders. According to the Corporations Law and accounting standards requirements, it is important for the organizations to get their financial statements audited even though there is no legislative requirement (Tang, Tian and Yan 2015). Auditing is required to ascertain the true and fair view of the financial statements as well as to ensure the compliance of relevant accounting principles and standards. Auditing of financial statement is important to determine the transparency and accountability of the financial information recorded and reported in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (Abbott et al. 2016). Identification of Specific Control Activity for Each Internal Control (a) Authorization and approval to ensure the consistency of the working hours of the employees. (b) Reconciliation activity is considered to ensure the presence of employees for presenting the payroll cheques. Reconciliation and review is to be conducted to determine the genuine presence and true facts about the proposed employees. (d) Physical security in the form of previous termination notices and other documents to verify the actual reasons. (e) Record and maintenance to ensure the safety of checques not collected by employees. Specific Misstatement Resulting from the Absence of Control (a) Amount of payroll may not tally with the total working hours of the employees. (b) Misstatement may occur in presentation of cheque to unauthorized employees. Such misstatement may result in mislead or fraud appointment of proposed employees. (d) Failure to this internal control might reflect wrong information on the previous termination reason. (e) Such misstatement would result in monetary loss to the organization. Reference List Abbott, L.J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S. and Peters, G.F., 2016. Internal audit quality and financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence.Journal of Accounting Research,54(1), pp.3-40. Tang, D.Y., Tian, F. and Yan, H., 2015. Internal control quality and credit default swap spreads.Accounting Horizons,29(3), pp.603-629.

Managing Human Capital and Entrepreneurship Quaker

Questions: Task 1: Outline in a background statement the industry, company and competitive market contexts. Task 2: Complete a critical analysis of the organisation's existing business model to identify key strategic weaknesses in relation to their current competitive business position. Task 3: Propose justified modifications to this business model as deemed appropriate for future business sustainability. Task 4: Explain the consequential changes that will be required to organisation structure, operational processes, information technologies and human capital resourcing Task 5: Consider the human capital management changes that will be required during the transitioning period with detailed attention being given to: 5.1 The nature of the changes required 5.2 how these changes will be introduced, monitored and evaluated 5.3 the anticipated impact upon staff morale. Answers: Introduction Quaker company has announced a joint venture between Quaker and Muller Quaker for its production, sale and distribution of cereal, wholesome foods and savory snacks in Asia. Muller Quaker has another wholly - owned subsidiary in Asia called Kohai Berry Investments Co Ltd which will also participate in the joint venture. There are various responsibilities for the companies where Muller Quaker will contribute to infrastructure, supply chain sale, extensive sales and distribution network in Asia. They will also contribute for the local network in Asia as well. The companies are huge enough to manage the local market in Asia and manage a portfolio of the globally recognized brands which will in turn contribute to the large cereal product base and other snacks expertise. The joint venture will use the Quaker brand in the Asia market as well. The brands will work together in order to leverage this complementary expertise and they would maximize their potential in terms of marketing and production. Task 1: Industry and Market Contexts Asia is an ever evolving country in Asia terms of market and new product launch and in the next 5 years Asia will outperform the food and beverage industry which targets any consumer class base in large cities with an increased desire for a wide range of packaged foods. Most of these foods fall into the category of the branded foods as well. The consumers of the food market have changed their pulse in terms of food consumption and this has been driven by the health benefits of various foods which the people learn about. For example there has been an immense growth in the milk perspective of food consumption which has also given a major impact to the cereal consumption as this has been viewed by the consumers as the most convenient food for breakfast. Asia has also been driven by the snack food industry. Asias snack food industry has grown to a great extent where its growth is estimated to be up by $12 15 million annually and has been growing more than 40% gradually. If any outer brand comes into the market they should perform in such a way that they are able to outperform the other local brands or at least maintain their standards. In order to capture this growth the local market has to be leveraged in such a way that Quaker and Muller Quaker can bring great opportunity to the market. This joint venture helps Asia grow to a massive extent where growth has been immense for the business and this joint venture has developed the business for growth and fundamental changes in the general way the business is conducted. The brands are huge and they food products an immense corporate responsibility which aims to help and create better days and brighter tomorrow for the consumers, employees, stakeholders and communities where all of them are better influenced by the environment. They share a responsible corporate responsibility towards maintaining a better environment as well as they are involved with working towards protecting the environment as well by protecting the interests of the farmers in reducing their environmental footprint and improve their efficiency. The other environmental factors which they can focus on are Growing their health and wellness related food offerings Leveraging their brand in terms of providing benefits of cereal, additional health benefits in the form of breakfast bran and drinks Increasing the health benefits of consumers by decreasing the frozen foods in the brand which they can offer Accelerating the growth in the food consumption by promoting the health benefits These are the main areas which are causing issues today and they focus on reducing any complex issues which may arise out of it. Various aspects which an International brand should consider before they venture into the other internationally located local markets are SWOT Analysis Strengths Good exposure and knowledge of the local markets and that of the product Good market position Broad network of portfolio services Robust infrastructure New infrastructures and technological aspects being customized as per the Clients requirements Weaknesses Geographical focus with its presence in various locations Effective marketing strategies Automation resulting in fears in the employees Opportunities Expansion in different markets Expanding the Chinese market Online shopping with various models which could be introduced to suit different customer requirements Threats Compliance with Government rules in terms of sales Major preserved products which might enter the local market and those which are of an international brand. There could be fear of losing market control for the local products from the local vendors Intense competition from other competitors Task 2: The weaknesses of the segment The type of weaknesses would vary between operational and partnership in such cases when international brands compete with the local markets in order to establish themselves in a specific country where the partnership or the general business would have are Under production orientation the entire focus is on the process of production and its efficiencies. Under product orientation the entire focus is on making new products, revising or making their products for effective for the customers and working towards enhancement of sales activities in order to sell their products. Such companies have their total focus on product invention and their sales with not effort on improving the levels of customer service (Narver, J, 1990). Case: If a person buys food products then he is provided some other product for his use. There is another segment under business orientation which is closer to product orientation and is called as the sales orientation. Even under this segment the companies concentrate on improving their sales methodologies and their number in sales when compared to customer service levels. The last segment under the category of business orientation is the market orientation. Under this segment there are a lot of factors which are considered to implement various processes effectively. It is a distinct strategy under which all the plans and policies, norms and procedures, strategy of the management, marketing strategies of the business, methods of customer service, Organizational objectives, employee values and many other factors are taken into consideration. Market orientation has its entire focus on the levels of customer satisfaction it achieves as an Organization. The Customer service levels constitute the main part of this business (Bearden, 2005). Case: If we consider the product of Food products the company designs the products taking the customers desires into account. Lots of models have been released in various flavors (Todnem, R, 2005). A lot of Organizations are adapting the market oriented approach. One of the reasons why market oriented approach is becoming more prominent is that there have been a lot of companies which produce the same kind of products under different labels and because of this all the customers are aware of the kind of products, their advantages, their constitution and many other factors. This has made the businesses think in a different perspective and come up with such a kind of competitive strategy which is called as market orientation ( Choen, J 1975). The companies should have that competitive advantage over its other competitors as there a lot of chances for them to lose out on their customers if they do not come up with more competitive products (Bearden, 2005). These aspects could pose certain risks however food industry is directly linked to the consumers and any issues would impact the business of the industry directly. Task 3: Justified modification - Joint Venture This is based on the suitability of the product and the nature of the business. This is specific from project to project and it depends on the size of the project mainly. There are certain specific limits set by the projects or the partners involved in it. Most of the times partners exist in the project with a vision of producing various products for multiple purposes however they cant manage to produce them on their own. This requires the intervention of other sources that can create, design, implement and produce the products. For example this is most suitable for software products. In the current situation if we consider the food industry a joint venture is possible where they are establishing it in Asia and they require the intervention of the local Asian parties who can help in designing the products suitable for the Asian market. In this case where it is a food industry and where it has to be established in a foreign market there are various aspects in terms of correction plans like Disciplinary alternatives Market, Research, Plan, Design and Implementation Guiding Principles Code of Ethics, Labor Law and Legal obligations of those countries Training managing employees Managing and taking change to a next level Controlling change in various aspects of management Task 4: Consequences of the corrective actions in various aspects Organizational structure Organizational Structure is very important to achieve results allowing great no. of people to work as teams to handle various projects effectively. It is linked with the culture of the Organization as they are dependent on each other (People's Daily Online, 2008). The organizational culture follows a strategy where it recognizes the efforts and contributions of the employees of the organization and it provides an understanding of how these results are to be achieved, the various ways in which they can align their objectives to their organizational objectives and how the employees can achieve their objectives. This concept emphasizes that the organizational culture could be a way of maintaining the employees in line and encouraging them to achieve the organizational objectives. All these factors contribute a lot to the organizational success (Adair, J 1988). Organizational processes Some of the leadership models which can be adapted and implemented in this process are John Adair has developed a simple leadership model which provides a great leadership model to the employees or an organization. Action centred leadership model is also a simple leadership and a management model which is good to adapt in any situation. The 3 parts of Adairs Action Centred Leadership Model have 3 main responsibilities like Achieving the task Managing the teams Managing the people This model has a great advantage which would guide the manager with his responsibilities like responsibilities of a manager to achieve the task and the responsibilities of a manager for the group like Identify the activity Identify the resources, people, processes, systems, skills and tools Create a plan to conduct the task which would include evaluation tools, timelines which are critical for the completion of the projects, strategy and policies which are to be implemented Decide on major factors like responsibilities of the team, organizational objectives, accountability and measures of the team Planning and Strategizing the standards, quality of work, time and reporting standards which are to be followed Monitor and maintain the overall performance plan Report on the progress which has been achieved for the groups objective Timely evaluation and review process of the plan and methods which are used to conduct different processes and work on any of the processes if the results are not effective In all these responsibilities the major factors which are critical for the leadership model are Planning Initiating Controlling Supporting Informing Evaluating The Action Centred Leadership Model is a model which has a method of managing and leading and this also includes a strong emphasis on applying the principles by using various methods. This model also promotes various situations which involve 2 people who can influence where 50% of motivation is in an individual and 50% of the motivation is from an external source. Information technology Information technology had a positive impact on all the automation and information aspects where it has offered immense benefits and has also offered a lot of growth perspectives to the people. There are various positive aspects which have provided immense learning opportunities for the employees and have also resulted in providing various tutorials which have benefitted the employee group to a major extent. Self directed tools have also come into effect which has offered great self learning opportunities to the people. Through this Employees have had a major access to the organizations which promoted a greater way of learning by customer information and by providing greater access to online information. It has provided them a great motivation in developing language skills and avoiding larger curriculums which can be avoided through a safe way of learning (Kathleen, 2011). Human Capital The five new jobs which have emerged in the last 5 years were much related to Marketing and Management like the Product aspects and the Management aspects. Roles like Product Managers, Product Analysts, Business Analysts related to business analysis and research and Project Managers have evolved much to an extent in order to design and manage various aspects in an Organization. With all these various roles which the Organization can introduce it will attract more employees with an effective standard service the human capital can be strengthened. Time to implement programs In order to leverage the marketing relationship programs and investments by the companies the organization should target their time to ensure they attain a marketing benefit in such a way that the customers needs are at its peak. The values should be timed in such a way that benefits are timed to a greater extent. Understanding and managing gratitude and its role in building and maintaining reciprocity play a major role in effective relationship marketing. Grateful customers always come back with a lot of gratitude and the organizations should give them an opportunity to reciprocate after they receive an RM benefit (Narver, J 1990). There are a lot of researches which have been conducted and there are 3 main aspects which have been suggested in terms of relationship marketing like Engagement activities across various stages of relationship lifecycle ( Gronroos 1997; Sheth Parvatiyar 2000) The no. of stages and terminology are different in nature sometimes where even multiple stages are involved in it (Dwyer and Oh 1987; Wilson1995). The other critical aspect is the target or the scope of the relationship in the marketing activities where most of the activities are restricted to customer relationships and other relationships in the internal departments (Morgan and Hunt 1994) All these aspects open up a scope of relationship marketing practice to any target entity which seems appropriate. There are many recent researches which have been conducted in terms of managing customer relationships with parties other than customers in most of the cases (Rindfleisch and Moorman 2003; Sivadas and Dwyer 2000). Pricing is the most critical aspect of a marketing mix which can produce greater turnover of the organization. There are variable costs to produce a product and there is a cost involved to promote them. Pricing should support all these elements of a marketing mix (Business Balls, nd). These products can be divided into consumer products, commodity business, non - commodity business and sales. A reliability analysis can be conducted by taking various products from all these groups and can be tested on reliability and validity. The factors of reliability are for customer orientation and competitor orientation which enhance the relations to increase their sales. The long term objectives and the profit objective measures might be different because the products might not be meeting the demands of the customers (Business Balls, nd). Economies of sales which are generated by production a large mass of production will reduce the costs of production and contributes to creating large profits to the organization. The pricing strategies are based on the objectives an organization has like penetration pricing, skimming pricing, competition pricing, product line pricing, psychological pricing and other factors. The pricing strategies have their own ways of marketing like pricing on a low price and increasing the prices later, setting a higher price and then reducing the prices, setting prices by comparing with the competitors, prices which are different for various products and the psychology of prices. The pricing strategy which is most suitable for any type of an organization which could be based pricing. Optional pricing can also be a strategy for setting prices for various services which are provided by the charity they can sell optional services to maximize the turn over which the organization can produce. A business which increases its market orientation will be able to enhance its market performance. Researches have been conducted to prove this fact. Let us look at the advantages in implementing market orientation in an Organization. Some of those advantages are: Customer focus as the Organizations objective: Organizations who look at customers needs as their focus is always competitive in concentrating on newer innovations and newer strategies to satisfy their Customers. By doing this the Organizations would have more no. of satisfied customers who would be retained with their brand for a longer time (Kokemuller n.d.). A specific strategy: The Organizations should develop a specific strategy and plan to implement that strategy in an effective way. The Organization should also plan their vision and mission of their company and align all their Organizational objectives with the vision and mission of the company. Effective communication should be organized to explain all the advantages of their products to their Customers (Pearce, J . 1987). Advantages of Marketing: The Organizations should also market their products effectively implementing various kinds of strategies. Customer retention: Understanding the customers needs and satisfying their needs leads to customer retention and such customers retain with the same brand for a longer time. All these factors contribute to a lot of benefits for an Organization. After the kinds of marketing strategies and with the ways the companies plan to enter the market the next step of expanding the business would be the strategy of product. There are different models like product positioning strategy, product repositioning strategy, product scope strategy, product design strategy and any new business product strategy (Akkaya, n.d.) The first strategy involves product positioning which means introducing a product into the market in the right position so that it gets accepted in the market along with many products in the same category (Asikhia, 2011). The second strategy involves reviewing and revising any of the aspects of the product, marketing mix and looking for a new position for the product. This strategy helps a lot of businesses recover from its current position where they have a large scope to relook at the product and make any important changes to present it in an attractive way to the customers and the clients. In all these aspects Customer focus is more important than any other aspect of marketing. In the third strategy which is the product scope strategy, there could be many products involved in one company where the focus has to be on all the products, their improvements, their individual market competition and their sales. In the fourth strategy of product which the product design the company has to decide whether it can offer many products or one single product and whether it can customize the product depending on the Customers needs. There are a lot of advantages with such strategies where if the company is concentrating on one product it is focusing on increasing the sales of that product, if the company can customize the products according to the Customers needs then the ability to sustain in the market would also be high. Task 5: Managing and Controlling Change Proposals for Change Strategies which should be adapted and implemented by the Management The  rst step to becoming aware of ourselves is to recognize our weaknesses, strengths, biases, attitudes, values, and perceptions. There are many ways to enhance our self-awareness. Some of these include analyzing our own experiences, looking at ourselves through the eyes of others, self-disclosure, acquiring diverse experiences, and increasing our emotional intelligence (Fiveoclock, 2012). The self-analysis process should begin with reection on and exploration of thoughts and feelings associated with affective events. By reecting on these feelings and thoughts, individuals can obtain new perspectives relevant to their lives based on these learning experiences. From obtaining new knowledge and perspectives, individuals can become more effective by implementing new behavioral and cognitive changes in future situations (Col William, 2011). Thus, self-awareness is an essential skill for developing personally and professionally. If you have a high degree of self-awareness, youll be able to capitalize on your strengths and develop plans for improving or compensating for your limitations. Part of being self-aware is being able to monitor and change our behavior. By concentrating on self-improvement, we demonstrate to others our willingness to learn and grow through various external methods of learning like ICT and self - directed theories increasing the likelihood of being able to develop close relationships and success in a profession (Kathleen, 2012). There are various levels of employees in an organization and they have their own responsibilities where the employees would have to handle. In all these levels of the organization the employees would have their own objectives which they would like to achieve. When these employees try to work towards their own objectives which are aligned with the organizational objectives they would like to see a growth in their position. This would be possible if they get promoted to the higher levels in an organization (Development, n.d.). In order to achieve this they should adapt methods where they can implement a procedure in which they can test the adaptability of the employees to a new position or a new role in which they would have a lot of responsibilities to handle and this process can be called as the Ready Now as we have discussed earlier. This helps the employees at the next level to be prepared for the leadership positions. By implementing these methods the organizations would be able to find the potential employees who have all the essential skills to be filled in for the position (T.J. Allen, 1977). There are some factors which have to be considered before recruiting the cost which the organizations would incur with the recruitment and the cost which would also be included for the training cost of these employees. The external employees should be employed with the essential skills and they should also have some sources like the consultants and with their help the organizations can plan and strategize some recruitment events in which they can search for the skills which they require. References Business Balls, Inc; Change Management, viewed on May 14th 2015, https://www.businessballs.com/changemanagement.htm Balzer, W, 2012, Organizational Diagnosis: An Evidence Based Appraoch, Pgs 223 246. Change Management, Inc; Definition of change management, Viewed on May 14th 2015, https://www.change-management.com/tutorial-defining-change-management.htm Indevelopment, Inc; Organization Structure, Viewed on May 14th 2015, https://www.indevelopment.nl/PDFfiles/organisationStructure.pdf Public Navy, Inc; Theory of Constraints Project Management, Viewed on May 14th 2015, https://www.public.navy.mil/airfor/nae/AIRSpeed%20Documents/TOC%20and%20Project%20Management.pdf Sjsu, Inc; Managerial role, Viewed on May 14th 2015, https://www.sjsu.edu/people/phyllis.connolly/courses/c17/s1/kane_umanageroleorgcul20060177.pdf TF Online, 2013, Journal of Change Management, Routledge, Vol 13, Issue 2. Riley, R 2000, Managing Change: An Overview, Riley Associates, Pgs 116 - 224. Todnem, R, 2005, Organizational Change Management: A Critical Overview, Journal of Change Management, Routledge, Vol 5, Pgs 369 380. Kotler, P, 1999, Strategies of Network Economy, Journal of Marketing, Pgs 146 163. Welsh M Jordan, 2011, Cultural diversity and Ethnic Minority. Social Psychological aspects. Pgs 84 - 164 Robert, M, 2012, Cultural Minority and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Relationships with Natural Mentors. Pgs 76 - 85 Wiley, J.W., 2000, The high-performance organizational climate: How workers describe top performing units. The Handbook of Organizational Culture Climate (pp.177-191). Sage Publications Higgs, A.C., 1996, Organizational Surveys: Tools for Assessment and Research. In A.I. Kraut (Ed.), Organizational Surveys (pp.19-40). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Barrett, J (1986). Why Major Account Selling Works. Industrial Marketing Management, Pgs 63 73. Belch G.E (2007). "Advertising and Promotion", An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspectives, seventh edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, America. People's Daily Online. (2008). "Coca-Cola most recognized Olympic Games sponsor". Retrieved on Aug 2nd 2013. Narver, J (1990). The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability. Journal of Marketing Pearce, J (1987). The Impact of Grand Strategy and Planning Formality on Financial Performance. Startegic Management Journal.

Do Adults Learn Better in Groups

Introduction The learning process is a vital component of the society since it leads to the acquisition of knowledge that can be used to advance the society. For decades, the modern world has given greater attention to childhood learning. Adult learning has been largely ignored due to a mistaken presumption that people do not learn much after childhood. However, new realities have led to a reconsideration of this wrong assumption.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Adults Learn Better in Groups? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Educators have come to the understanding that adult learning is an important aspect of today’s society. Significant research has therefore been carried out on various aspects of adult learning in the recent decades. Some of this research pertains to the best learning environment for adults. Specifically, there has been research into whether individual learning or interactive group l earning yields better results. This paper will argue that learning in an interactive group leads to higher course completion rate among adult learners. Defining Learning Learning is the process through which the individual acquires knowledge on a particular subject by engaging in material on the subject or by using a tutor who is an authority on the subject. Knowles et al (2005) define adult learning as â€Å"the process of adults gaining knowledge and expertise† (p.174). Adult learning is unique from childhood learning in that the adult has a better idea of what he/she hopes to achieve through learning. Adult learning therefore considers that the adult might want greater control over his learning process. A key characteristic of adult learners is that they are autonomous and most of them want to take charge of their learning experience. Rothwell (2008) elaborates that most adult learners are â€Å"self-directed† which means that they show a great desire and willingnes s to initiate their own learning efforts. Typical Adult learning situations Adults do not consistently participate in learning throughout their life spans. Rothwell (2008) asserts that younger and more highly educated workers are more likely to participate in learning efforts of all kinds than their older, or less-educated, counterparts.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Adult learning can occur in a number of different educational situations. One situation is whereby the adult learner designs an activity for himself and proceeds to learn through it. The learner often designs the activity with the aim of achieving a particular result (Boling Robinson, 1999). The adult learners can also design activities for each other. Educational situations also occur in a group setting. The group designs an activity that will be carried out by its members. The activity designed by the group is often decided upon by all members (Boling Robinson, 1999). This learning situation provides an opportunity for the learners to participate in discussion and interact with their peers. The learning situations highlighted above encapsulate a variety of adult learning situations that can fit within the framework of individual and group learning. Knowles et al. (2005) admit that these learning situations do not record the actual process that underlies the production of these educational situations. Environment Individual The individual learning environment is comprised of a student engaging in learning activities without the involvement of other students. Teachers provide the learner with the necessary learning material and guidance on the course. However, the student carries out his study activities on his own. He does not consult with other students when doing research for the particular class. The individual learning environment is characterized by competition among the students in the cl ass. Group The group-learning environment consists of a setting where a number of students work together with the aim of maximizing their own learning. The students have a common goal that they accomplish by working together. In group learning, a cooperative atmosphere is fostered among the students. The learners help each other to gain mastery of the course material. Individual Learning Formats Individual learning can occur in a number of formats. Individual learning can be student centered where the learner provides input into what he/she does. In this setting, the teacher gives the student a chance to decide on how to study and even what to study. The student can make decisions on what reading to engage in and the discussions to hold. Panitz (1999) states that in some learner-centered formats, the student is allowed to provide input on how assessment is conducted. Students also determine the form of rewards or punishments that the teacher can give.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Adults Learn Better in Groups? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individual learning can take place in a teacher-centered environment. In this type of a situation, the teacher is responsible for making all the learning decisions on behalf of the student. The teacher dictates how the studies are going to take place and he pre-plans what is to be studied. In this format, the teacher is the authoritarian purveyor of information and the learner is a passive recipient of the information. Student Roles The student is responsible for coming up with his learning objectives. While these objectives will be guided by the course content, the student will be responsible for formulating his own objectives and working towards achieving them. The student has to be self-driven in order to achieve the objectives and gain academic success. The student is expected to seek out the necessary additional material for the course. Onc e the tutor has highlighted the course objective, the student has to take initiative and get the material needed for the course. This will mean visiting the library and engaging in online research to identify the needed material. Instructor/Facilitator Roles The instructor is responsible for articulating the course objectives for the student. Since the instructor has in-depth knowledge of the course, he is responsible for communicating with the learner what is expected of him in the course. The instructor might provide the student with an expansive list of the learning objectives for the course. In addition to this, the instructor will come up with a schedule that the student will follow in the course. This schedule will include a detailed breakdown of the times when the classes will be held. The teacher will be responsible for preplanning the activities that will be carried out during the class. Finally, the instructor supervises the student’s progress and carries out assess ments. The student might be required to regularly demonstrate his progress in the course. The supervisor is responsible for coming up with assignments and tests for the student. These assessments help to gauge the level of progress made by the student and provide a means for grading the student. Advantages and Limitations Advantages Individual learning makes the most of the student’s motivation and enables him to achieve great success. Most adult learners have intrinsic motivation and they already know what they want from their educational experience. Malhotra (2000) confirms that unlike with children learners, most adult learners have specific goals and they are interested in developing skills that they can put to use.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Individual learning enables the adult learner to utilize his time in the most beneficial way. Learning requires the student to dedicate significant among of time to study. In individual learning, the student is in full control of his schedule and he can exercise good time management strategies (Malhotra, 2000). Since the student is not restricted by the schedule of the other students, he can maximize on his available time to engage in learning activities. Time is a scarce and valuable resource for the adult learner since he has many responsibilities in life. Students are motivated to perform exemplarily and best other class members through individual learning. In an environment where students learn individually, competition is encouraged. In addition to this, the student is able to concentrate on the areas that are most relevant to him in individual learning. All learners have different abilities and prior knowledge. In individual learning, the learner is able to focus on the course matter that he wants to gain higher proficiency instead of spending time repeating material that he is already knowledgeable in. Limitations When learning as an individual, the student is likely to be overwhelmed or bored by the repetitive nature of the learning process. Learning often involves going through the same material in order to gain a better understanding of the concepts expressed. A student is required to engage in some degree of repetition and memory work in order to increase their knowledge on the subject. Marjam and Seyed (2012) state that learning individually can be tedious and boring as the student has to engage in repetitive reading in order to acquire a base of information. Learning individually limits the amount of knowledge that the student is exposed to. The student is not exposed to the experience and knowledge possessed by other students. He is therefore unable to benefit from the pool of information that would be available to him if he engaged in group acti vities. Group Learning Formats Group learning can be classified into a number of main categories. The first is the informal cooperative learning group that is made up students who meet outside of the class setting to carry out their group learning activities. The informal learning groups are often brief and temporary in nature. The main activity carried out by the students is to assess their learning and understanding of the study material that has been presented to them during the class. The second type of learning group is a cooperative study group. This form of group is more permanent and the group meetings are regular in nature. Students form learning groups so that they can assist each other in understanding the course material. Discussions are held on the content of the class and members assist each other to enhance understanding. Just as in informal cooperative learning groups, the tutor seldom evaluates these groups and group activities are not part of the final grade of a s tudent in the course. The third format of learning groups is formal cooperative groups. This type of learning groups may extend for a long period and they are established to fulfill specific tasks. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) note that the formal learning group might have to achieve a particular end-result often prescribed by the tutor. Teacher involvement in the formal learning group is therefore significant. Participation in the formal group is often a part of a student’s final grade in the course and students are awarded marks for their involvement in the group. Student Roles Students engaged in group learning bear the bulk of responsibilities for their learning. The students are expected to come up with the group objectives and act towards achieving the learning goals. Students have to come up with their schedule and ensure that they meet regularly in order to achieve their objectives. In group learning, the students are responsible for achieving the academic tasks th ey have stipulated. The learners are expected to show dedication to the group goals and work hard on the group activities. In an informal group setting, there is no teacher to supervise the students or gauge their progress. The students therefore have to motivate themselves and take responsibility for achieving their goals. Finally, the students in group learning have to hold each other responsible to ensure the success of the group. The success of the group can only be ensured if each group member plays their part in the group. Each person contributes to the success of the group by doing his allocated portion of the work. The students have to regulate themselves and take appropriate action against a group member who is deemed uncooperative. Instructor/Facilitator Roles The role of the teacher in group learning is very significant. Panitz (1999) asserts that â€Å"the teacher creates the conditions within which students can construct meaning from the material studied† (p. 4). As such, even though the group learning will enhance further processing and possible reconstruction of the studied material, the teacher is responsible for initializing the learning process and assisting the students to construct meaning from their course material. In some cases, the teacher can play a supervisory role in group learning. This is especially the case when a formal group learning format is being followed. The teacher will monitor group progress and possibly offer feedback on the effectiveness of the group in achieving its set goals (Panitz, 1999). The teacher may also gauge the performance of the group and offer grades for group activities. The teacher can also assist in the development of ground rules for the group. The group rules might be made in collaboration with the students. These rules could include the steps to take in case of conflicts. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) state that by having ground rules, the group is able to effectively resolve conflicts that might otherwise impede on group performance. Advantages and Limitations Advantages One of the most important benefits of cooperative learning is that it fosters greater understanding as the students work together. In group interactions, the students talk to each other and exchange ideas. This spoken interaction contributes to their increased understanding of the class material being discussed (Boling Robinson, 1999). Through group learning, the adult learner is able to increase his competence level in performing some specific tasks. Group learning can assist in reducing the anxiety that many students feel in the learning environment. Students often experience performance anxiety that contributes to poor performance in their academic work. This anxiety may be the result of low confidence in the course. In the group setting, students interact with each other and build confidence even as they review the course content. Marjam and Seyed (2012) confirm that cooperative learning increase s the self-esteem of students and boosts their confidence in the learning process. Most adult learners have many responsibilities in life including jobs and families. They are often under pressure and this might affect their academic performance. The group enables the adult learner to build a support base made up of other students who are undergoing the same situation (Boling Robinson, 1999). The students are able to empathize with each other’s situation and motivate each other to work hard and achieve their set objectives. Marjam and Seyed (2012) reveal that students are able to develop higher-level thinking skills as they interact with each other in the group learning environment. The group setting gives the learner more opportunities to develop his critical thinking skills and practice on his problem solving skills. These opportunities increase the likelihood of achieving good results in the course since the learners competence is increased with each practice instance. Gr oup learning results in the development of a positive attitude towards teamwork. This is crucial since in the non-school setting, individuals are often required to work in teams in order to accomplish set goals (Malhotra, 2000). Group learning articulates the importance of teamwork to the adult learners. Students are encouraged to be good team players since a core element of a successful cooperative learning group is that all members realize that the success or failure of the group is shared by every individual member (Panitz, 1999). Limitations In spite of these advantages, group learning suffers from a number of significant limitations. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) contend that many adult learners are reluctant to joining learning groups since the conflicts that arise in the group are seen as an unnecessary burden on their already busy lives. The adult learner spends most of his/her day at work where conflicts are likely to occur. This learner is unlikely to welcome situations that might bring about more conflict in the school environment where the adult learner hopes to gain an education. The group might lead to inefficiencies that will decrease the individual performance of the members. The effectiveness of the learning group will be influenced by its size. If the group is too large, members are likely to experience many conflicts which will reduce the effectiveness of the group (Malhotra, 2000). On the other hand, smaller groups will not have the resources that make group learning beneficial for the students. Comparison Successful Completion Rates Successful completion of the course is dependent on the level of involvement that the learner has. Group learning results in the maximum level of participation by the adult. With individual learning, the teacher has the greater control and this might lead to lower participation. Low participation contributes to failure to complete the course by most adult learners. On the other hand, in group learning enhance s student participation (Boling Robinson, 1999). Students will show great commitment to the group activities since in most cases, these activities are designed to achieve specific benefits for the individual and group members. Students involved in group learning have a higher rate of successful completion since they have a support system made up of other students. This support system plays a significant role when the adult learner is feeling overwhelmed by the course. On the contrary, the student engaged in individual learning does not have a support system. The student has to deal with the anxieties and lack of motivation faced while learning on his own. Information Retention Information retention is influenced by the level of involvement that students have in the learning process. The retention rate in individual learning is low since students do not actively engaging in the learning process and they act as passive recipients of information. On the other hand, students are active ly involved in learning in the group setting. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) declare that the learning process of the students is enhanced if they are actively involved. This active involvement occurs more in the group learning environment. Group learning also contributes to information retention by exposing students to multiple resources. In individual learning, students often rely on a narrow set of resource base. Rothwell (2008) elaborates that while adults prefer self-directed learning; this does not mean that they like to learn in isolation or individually. Instead, most adults prefer group interactions where they can draw on multiple resources for their learning. Working in a group will ensure that students benefit from each other’s knowledge construction process. The knowledge construction concept is â€Å"the idea that learners construct their own networks of knowledge by connecting new information with their past knowledge and interests† (Panitz, 1999, p.11). Individual learning does not take advantage of the fact that each student derives a different construction from the similar lesson given by the instructor. On the other hand, group learning brings students who have different constructions of ideas together (Ball et al., 2008). In the group setting, each student has numerous opportunities to build their developing knowledge by interacting with the other learners. Ability to Apply New Information Students are better placed to apply new information when they engage in group learning than when they undertake individual learning. Individual learning encourages the student to rely on the input of the teacher. The ability of the student to apply new information is therefore impeded if the teacher does not contribute. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) reveal that students are responsible for discovering knowledge in cooperative learning. They then transform this knowledge into concepts that they can relate to therefore enhancing ability to a pply new information. The individual’s ability to apply new information is promoted in group learning. Group learning encourages self-management by students as they are trained to work with little contribution from the teacher. Individual learning often encourages non-reflective thinking where the student simply memorizes study material and completes assignments (Ball et al., 2008). Group learning promotes reflective thinking as the students explain the process to others and consider alternatives. This leads to the development of skills and knowledge that can be used to solve other questions of a similar nature in future. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that adults will have a higher course completion rate and demonstrate better retention if they learn in an interactive group as opposed to primarily engaging in individual learning. The evidence offered in this paper suggests that students working in groups are able to master teacher-presented information better than st udents studying on their own. The paper has demonstrated that group learning enhances student understanding and increases the chances of successful completion of the course. With this revelation, adult learner educators should take steps to promote group learning among adult students in order to ensure that the benefits of this form of learning is enjoyed by even more learners. References Ball, D.L., Thames, M., Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59 (1), 389-407. Boling, N.C., Robinson, H.D. (1999). Individual study, interactive multimedia, or cooperative learning: which activity best supplements lecture-based distance education? Journal of Education Psychology, 91(1), 169-174. Gabrich, C., Rothenberger, C. (2002). Clashing Cultures in Our Classrooms: Learning Groups versus Individual Competition. International Journal of Academic Research, 3 (5), 67-72. Knowles, M. S., Holton, F. E., Swanson, R. A. (2005). The Adult Learner: the Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Malhotra, Y. (2000). â€Å"Knowledge Management New Organization Forms: A Framework for Business Model Innovation†. Information Resources Management Journal, 13(1): 5-14. Marjam, L. Seyed, M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31 (1), 486-490. Panitz, T. (1999). Collaborative versus Cooperative Learning: A Comparison of the Two Concepts Which Will Help Us Understand the Underlying Nature of Interactive Learning. Journal of Education Psychology, 91(1), 2-13. Rothwell, W. J. (2008). Adult Learning Basics. Washington: American Society for Training and Development. This essay on Do Adults Learn Better in Groups? was written and submitted by user T'Challa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Subordinate Clauses

Definition and Examples of Subordinate Clauses In  English grammar, a subordinate clause is a  group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a dependent clause. Contrast this with a main clause and coordinate clause. Subordinate clauses are usually attached to main clauses or embedded in matrix clauses. Pronunciation: Suh-BOR-din-it Exercises Exercise in  identifying adverb clausesPractice identifying independent and dependent clauses Examples and Observations Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.(Mark Twain)That spring, when I had a great deal of potential and no money at all, I took a job as a janitor.(James Alan McPherson, Gold Coast, 1969)Memory is deceptive because it is colored by todays events.(Albert Einstein)Bailey and I did arithmetic at a mature level because of our work in the store, and we read well because in Stamps there wasnt anything else to do.(Maya Angelou,  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969)If you cant leave in a taxi you can leave in a huff. If thats too soon, you can leave in a minute and a huff.(Groucho Marx, Duck Soup)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.(John F. Kennedy)When you lose your laugh, you lose your footing.(Ken Kesey)Every book is a childrens book if the kid can read.(Mitch Hedberg) Grammatical Juniors Subordinate clauses are grammatical juniors, dependent on the main clause for complete sense. They are not subordinate in any other way; they need not be stylistically inferior, and indeed may be more informative than the main clause they depend on, as in this example: If you go on with a diet that consists exclusively of cottage cheese, dry toast, and Brazil nuts, I shall worry. The main clause is I shall worry: it is, I think, rather feeble in view of what precedes it, a sad anticlimax to what was promising to be a fairly arresting sentence. But although that previous clause is much more interesting in every other way, it remains grammatically subordinate: it could not stand on its own.(Richard Palmer, Write in Style: A Guide to Good English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2002) Types of Subordinating Conjunctions Finite clauses are introduced by a subordinator, which serves to indicate the dependent status of the clause together with its circumstantial meaning. Formally, subordinating conjunctions can be grouped as follows: simple conjunctions: when, whenever, where, wherever, because, if, unless, until, while, as, althoughconjunctive groups: as if, as though, even if, even though, even when, soon after, no soonercomplex conjunctions:: there are three subclasses: (i) derived from verbs . . .: provided (that), granted (that), considering (that), seeing (that), suppose (that), supposing (that), so (that)(ii) containing a noun: in case, in the event that, to the extent that, in spite of the fact that, the day, the way(iii) adverbial: so/as long as, as soon as, so/as far as, much as, now (that) Angela Downing,  English Grammar: A University Course. Routledge, 2006) Subordinate Clauses in Poetry When I heard the learn’d astronomer;When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me;When I was shown the charts and the diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them;When I, sitting, heard the astronomer, where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room,How soon, unaccountable, I became tired and sick;Till rising and gliding out, I wander’d off by myself,In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time,Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars.(Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer. Leaves of Grass)